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隨(sui)著(zhu)電子(zi)技術(shu)和自動化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展，數控(kong)技術(shu)的(de)應(ying)用越(yue)來越(yue)廣泛。以微處(chu)理(li)器為基礎，以大規模(mo)集成電路為標(biao)志的(de)數控(kong)設備，已在我國批量(liang)生產、大量(liang)引進(jin)和推廣應(ying)用，它(ta)們(men)給(gei)機械(xie)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)展創造(zao)(zao)了條件，并帶來很大的(de)效益。但同時，由于它(ta)們(men)的(de)先進(jin)性、復雜性和智能化(hua)(hua)高(gao)的(de)特點，在維修理(li)論、技術(shu)和手段上(shang)都發(fa)(fa)生了飛躍(yue)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。

數控(kong)維(wei)修技(ji)術不僅是(shi)保障正常運(yun)行的(de)前提，對數控(kong)技(ji)術的(de)發展和完(wan)善也(ye)起到了巨大的(de)推動作(zuo)用(yong)，因此，目前它已經成為一門專門的(de)學科。

另外任何(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)臺數控(kong)設(she)備都(dou)是一(yi)(yi)種過程控(kong)制設(she)備，這(zhe)就(jiu)要求它(ta)在(zai)(zai)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)制的(de)(de)每一(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻都(dou)準確無誤地工作。任何(he)(he)部分(fen)的(de)(de)故(gu)障與失效，都(dou)會(hui)使機(ji)(ji)床停(ting)(ting)機(ji)(ji)，從而造成生產停(ting)(ting)頓(dun)。因而對數控(kong)系統這(zhe)樣原(yuan)理(li)復雜(za)、結構精密(mi)的(de)(de)裝置進(jin)行維修就(jiu)顯得十分(fen)必要了。尤其(qi)對引進(jin)的(de)(de)CNC機(ji)(ji)床，大多花費了幾十萬到(dao)上千萬美元。在(zai)(zai)許多行業中，這(zhe)些設(she)備均處于關鍵的(de)(de)工作崗(gang)位，若(ruo)在(zai)(zai)出現故(gu)障后不及時(shi)(shi)(shi)維修排除故(gu)障，就(jiu)會(hui)造成較大的(de)(de)經(jing)濟損失。

我(wo)們現有的維修(xiu)狀況(kuang)和水(shui)平，與國外進口設備(bei)的設計與制造技(ji)術水(shui)平還存在很大(da)的差距。造成差距的原因(yin)在于：人(ren)員(yuan)素質較差，缺乏數(shu)字(zi)測試分析手(shou)段，數(shu)域和數(shu)域與頻(pin)域綜(zong)合方面的測試分析技(ji)術等(deng)有待(dai)提高等(deng)等(deng)。

下(xia)面我(wo)們(men)從現(xian)代數控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的基(ji)本構(gou)成入手，探討數控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的診斷與(yu)維(wei)修。

數控(kong)系統(tong)的構成與(yu)特點：

目(mu)前世界上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)種類繁(fan)多，形(xing)式各(ge)異(yi)，組成(cheng)結構(gou)(gou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)都有(you)(you)(you)各(ge)自的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。這(zhe)些結構(gou)(gou)特(te)點來源于(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)初始(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)要(yao)求和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路(lu)。例(li)(li)如對(dui)點位(wei)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)連續(xu)軌(gui)跡控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)截然不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。對(dui)于(yu)T系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)M系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，同(tong)樣也有(you)(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別，前者適(shi)用于(yu)回轉體(ti)零(ling)件加工(gong)(gong)，后者適(shi)合(he)于(yu)異(yi)形(xing)非回轉體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)件加工(gong)(gong)。對(dui)于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產廠家來說，基(ji)于(yu)歷史發展因(yin)素以及各(ge)自因(yin)地而(er)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，在設(she)計(ji)(ji)思想(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也可能各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)千(qian)秋。例(li)(li)如，美國Dynapath系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)采用小板(ban)(ban)結構(gou)(gou)，便(bian)于(yu)板(ban)(ban)子更(geng)換和(he)(he)靈活結合(he)，而(er)日本(ben)FANUC系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)則趨向大(da)板(ban)(ban)結構(gou)(gou)，使(shi)之有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性，促使(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均無(wu)(wu)故障率不斷提(ti)高。然而(er)無(wu)(wu)論(lun)哪種系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原理和(he)(he)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)是十分(fen)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)。一般整個數控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)由三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，即控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，伺服系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)位(wei)置測(ce)(ce)量系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)按(an)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)進行插補運(yun)算(suan)，發出控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指令到伺服驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；伺服驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)將控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指令放大(da)，由伺服電機(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)按(an)要(yao)求運(yun)動(dong)(dong)；測(ce)(ce)量系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)檢測(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)位(wei)置或(huo)速度，并反饋到控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，來修正(zheng)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指令。這(zhe)三部(bu)分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)結合(he)，組成(cheng)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉環控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。